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Google Doodle celebrates 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 moon landing @ 2019-07-21T04: 返回 熱門新聞
關鍵詞:Apollo 11 Margaret Hamilton
概念:
GOOGLE"S PORTRAIT OF HAMILTON USED MORE THAN 100,000 MIRRORS TO REFLECT THE LIGHT OF MOON; THE TECH GIANT SAID THE IMAGE WAS LARGER THAN CENTRAL PARK AND COULD BE SEEN MORE THAN A MILE ABOVE SEA LEVEL. THE GOOGLE SEARCH HOMEPAGE ALSO FEATURES A DOODLE OF THE APOLLO 11"S MOON LANDING AND A VIDEO WITH COLLINS DESCRIBING THE MISSION. APOLLO 11 LAUNCHED ON JULY 16, 1969, AND RETURNED TO EARTH ON JULY 24.
THE DATES OF THOSE OTHER MISSIONS: APOLLO 12 TOOK PLACE IN NOVEMBER 1969, APOLLO 14 TOOK PLACE FROM LATE JANUARY TO EARLY FEBRUARY OF 1971, APOLLO 15 WAS IN JULY AND AUGUST OF 1971, APOLLO 16 HAPPENED IN MAY 1972 AND APOLLO 17 -- WHICH SPENT THREE FULL DAYS ON THE MOON -- WRAPPED THINGS UP IN DECEMBER OF 1972. APOLLO 13, IN APRIL 1970, HAD TO FORGO ITS MOON LANDING BECAUSE OF A LIFE-THREATENING TECHNICAL PROBLEM.
HEAFIELD』S SISTER, MARGARET HEAFIELD HAMILTON, WAS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE 1969 MOON LANDING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE ENGINEERING AS WE KNOW IT TODAY. HEAFIELD SHARED HER SISTER’S STORY FRIDAY AFTERNOON AT THE GREENWOOD SENIOR CENTER DURING A PARTY TO COMMEMORATE THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE MOON LANDING. AT 7:56 P.M. PACIFIC TIME ON JULY 20, 1969, NEIL ARMSTRONG BECAME THE FIRST HUMAN TO WALK ON THE MOON. GUESTS WERE INVITED TO SHARE THEIR MEMORIES OF HIS MOONWALK AND ALL THE EVENTS THAT SURROUNDED IT.
IN A REMOTE CORNER OF THE MOJAVE DESERT, GOOGLE CREATED A BREATHTAKING PORTRAIT OF UNSUNG APOLLO SOFTWARE PIONEER MARGARET HAMILTON USING MOONLIGHT REFLECTED ON 107,000 SOLAR PANEL MIRRORS. IN HONOR OF THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF NASA』S MOON LANDING, THE TWINKLING IMAGE SHOWS THE FACE OF A YOUNG HAMILTON, THE LUNAR LANDER AND A LOGO OF THE APOLLO 11 MISSION. GOOGLE POSTED A VIDEO THURSDAY ON SOCIAL MEDIA SHOWING THE LIGHTING OF THE PORTRAIT THAT』S 「BIGGER THAN NEW YORK』S CENTRAL PARK.」
PERHAPS THE MOST DRAMATIC MOMENT OF APOLLO 11"S MISSION TO THE MOON WAS WHEN THE EAGLE BEGAN ITS FINAL DESCENT TO THE LUNAR SURFACE AND THE SHIP"S COMPUTER BECAME OVERLOADED. FEW WERE MORE NERVOUS THAN THE YOUNG COMPUTER PROGRAMMER WHO HAD WRITTEN THE CODE FOR THE LANDING. ON THE APOLLO 11"S 50TH ANNIVERSARY, WSJ SAT DOWN WITH PROGRAMMER DON EYLES. PHOTO: ALEXANDER HOTZ/WSJ
HAMILTON BECAME THE LEAD PROGRAMMER ON THE GROUNDBREAKING APOLLO GUIDANCE COMPUTER, WHICH HAD LESS CAPACITY THAN TODAY』S MOBILE PHONES, AND WORKED ON EVERY CREWED MISSION (SHE NAMES APOLLO 8 AND APOLLO 11 AS PARTICULAR FAVORITES). SHE LED THE TEAM THAT DEVELOPED THE INFLIGHT SOFTWARE FOR THE COMMAND AND LUNAR MODULES AND CAME UP WITH THE IDEA TO CALL HER DISCIPLINE 「SOFTWARE ENGINEERING」.
WITHOUT THE COMPUTERS ON BOARD THE APOLLO SPACECRAFT, THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN NO MOON LANDING, NO TRIUMPHANT FIRST STEP, NO HIGH-WATER MARK FOR HUMAN SPACE TRAVEL. A PILOT COULD NEVER HAVE NAVIGATED THE WAY TO THE MOON, AS IF A SPACESHIP WERE SIMPLY A MORE POWERFUL AIRPLANE. THE CALCULATIONS REQUIRED TO MAKE IN-FLIGHT ADJUSTMENTS AND THE COMPLEXITY OF THE THRUST CONTROLS OUTSTRIPPED HUMAN CAPACITIES.
SINCE HER WORK ON APOLLO MARGARET HAMILTON HAS STARTED MULTIPLE SOFTWARE COMPANIES, INCLUDING HAMILTON TECHNOLOGIES, WHICH IS LOCATED JUST A FEW BLOCKS FROM MIT. IN SEPTEMBER 2003, HER CONTRIBUTION TO THE APOLLO PROGRAMME AND BEYOND WAS RECOGNISED WITH A NASA EXCEPTIONAL SPACE ACT AWARD, AND IN NOVEMBER 2013 SHE RECEIVED THE PRESIDENTIAL MEDAL OF FREEDOM FROM BARACK OBAMA.
THEN, DURING APOLLO 8‘S FIRST MANNED ORBIT OF THE MOON, EXPERIENCED ASTRONAUT JIM LOVELL MADE THAT EXACT MISTAKE. THE MISTAKE WIPED OUT NAVIGATIONAL DATA THAT WAS NECESSARY FOR THE APOLLO NAVIGATION SYSTEM TO GUIDE THE ASTRONAUTS BACK HOME. FORTUNATELY, BECAUSE OF HAMILTON’S NOTES, THEY WERE ABLE TO DIAGNOSE THE PROBLEM, AND NINE HOURS LATER REPLACE THE MISSING DATA. WHILE A MAJOR CATASTROPHE WAS AVOIDED, EVERYONE AGAIN REALIZED HAMILTON’S PENCHANT FOR PREDICTING PROBLEMS.
雖然登月任務由3位男性太空人負責執行,但阿波羅11號(APOLLO 11)之所以能成功登陸月球並平安返航,背後確實有一名偉大的女性功不可沒。事實上,就在太空船登陸的前3分鍾,系統差點因資訊過載而失靈,不斷發出警報,是女科學家漢彌爾頓(MARGARET HAMILTON)負責編寫的軟體讓系統得以持續運作,幫助美國航太總署(NASA)寫下人類登月的歷史新頁。
「THE COMPUTER (OR RATHER THE SOFTWARE IN IT) WAS SMART ENOUGH TO RECOGNIZE THAT IT WAS BEING ASKED TO PERFORM MORE TASKS THAN IT SHOULD BE PERFORMING. IT THEN SENT OUT AN ALARM, WHICH MEANT TO THE ASTRONAUT, "I"M OVERLOADED WITH MORE TASKS THAN I SHOULD BE DOING AT THIS TIME AND I"M GOING TO KEEP ONLY THE MORE IMPORTANT TASKS"; I.E., THE ONES NEEDED FOR LANDING …,」 HAMILTON WROTE. 「...THE SOFTWARE"S ACTION, IN THIS CASE, WAS TO ELIMINATE LOWER PRIORITY TASKS AND RE-ESTABLISH THE MORE IMPORTANT ONES ... IF THE COMPUTER HADN"T RECOGNIZED THIS PROBLEM AND TAKEN RECOVERY ACTION, I DOUBT IF APOLLO 11 WOULD HAVE BEEN THE SUCCESSFUL MOON LANDING IT WAS.」
MS COLEMAN SAYS TWO WOMEN, WHO ARE NOT IN THE DOCUMENTARY, WERE CENTRAL TO THE MOON LANDINGS. ONE WAS THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN MATHEMATICIAN KATHERINE JOHNSON WHO DID THE TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS FOR SEVERAL MANNED SPACE PROGRAMMES INCLUDING APOLLO. SHE WAS SO TRUSTED THAT THE ASTRONAUT JOHN GLENN REFUSED TO FLY WITHOUT HER CALCULATIONS.
NASA LANDED THE FIRST HUMANS ON THE MOON DURING THE APOLLO 11 MISSION ON JULY 20, 1969. THE HISTORIC MOON LANDING CONSISTED OF ASTRONAUTS NEIL ARMSTRONG, MICHAEL COLLINS AND EDWIN “BUZZ” ALDRIN. COMMANDER ARMSTRONG AND LUNAR MODULE PILOT ALDRIN FLEW DOWN TO THE MOON WHILE COMMAND MODULE PILOT STAYED IN LUNAR ORBIT. THE INCREDIBLE ACHIEVEMENT WAS TELEVISED AROUND THE WORLD, WITH AN ESTIMATED 650 MILLION PEOPLE TUNING IN LIVE ON THEIR TVS.
SOURCES: NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER, MICHAEL J. NEUFELD OF THE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM, NASA HISTORY OFFICE, 「TEAM MOON: HOW 400,000 PEOPLE LANDED APOLLO 11 ON THE MOON」 BY CATHERINE THIMMESH, 「MISSIONS TO THE MOON」 BY ROD PYLE, 「WE CAME IN PEACE」 BY CLASSIC PRESS INC., SMITHSONIAN AIR & SPACE MAGAZINE
(APPARENTLY BLANEY WAS NOT AWARE THAT ARMSTRONG ALSO WALKED ON THE MOON AND THAT MICHAEL COLLINS MICHAEL ORBITED THE MOON IN THE COLUMBIA SPACECRAFT DURING THOSE WALKS. ALDRIN AND COLLINS ARE STILL ALIVE BY THE WAY, RYAN. ALL HAVE WRITTEN VERY GOOD BOOKS ABOUT APOLLO 11 THAT YOU MAY WANT TO READ.)

 

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